References:

Center for Law and Social Policy. Hayes, Teon, and Akeisha Latch. Rooted in Racism: The Origins of Work Requirements in Public Benefits. January 8, 2025. https://www.clasp.org/blog/the-racist-roots-of-work-requirements-in-public-benefits-programs/.

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Schubel, Jessica, and Matt Broaddus. Harm to Older Americans from Taking Away Medicaid for Not Meeting Work Requirements. September 6, 2018. https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/harm-to-older-americans-from-taking-away-medicaid-for-not-meeting-work-requirements.

Food Insecurity White Paper 2017. Health Forward, 2017. https://healthforward.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Food_Insecurity_White_Paper_2017.pdf.

Georgetown University Health Policy Institute, Center for Children and Families. Haley, Jennifer M., Genevieve M. Kenney, Eva H. Allen, and Michael Karpman. Medicaid Work Requirements Could Threaten Parents’ and Children’s Coverage and Well-Being. May 19, 2025. https://ccf.georgetown.edu/2025/05/19/medicaid-work-requirements-could-threaten-parents-and-childrens-coverage-and-well-being/.

Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan. What Do We Know About Medicaid and Work? Evidence from Michigan. March 2025. https://ihpi.umich.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/Medicaid%20Work%20requirements%20brief_3.24.25_0.pdf.

Kaiser Family Foundation. Garfield, Rachel, Robin Rudowitz, and MaryBeth Musumeci. Understanding the Intersection of Medicaid and Work: An Update. August 8, 2019. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/understanding-the-intersection-of-medicaid-and-work-an-update/.

Lauren Bauer and Chloe N. East. A Primer on SNAP Work Requirements. Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project / Brookings Institution, April 2025. https://www.hamiltonproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/20250407_THP_SNAPWorkRequirements_Paper.pdf.

Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). ED-2025-3-FINAL. March 2025. https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Inside-MDHHS/Newsroom/ED-2025-3-FINAL.pdf.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Work Requirements Threaten Health and Increase Costs. April 2025. https://www.rwjf.org/en/insights/our-research/2025/04/work-requirements-threaten-health-and-increase-costs.html.

U.S. Census Bureau. Table ACSST5Y2023.S2201: SNAP. American Community Survey, 2023. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2023.S2201?q=SNAP&g=040XX00US26.

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Federal Social Safety Net Programs: Millions of Full-Time Workers Rely on Federal Health Care and Food Assistance Programs. GAO-21-45. Washington, DC: GAO, March 2021. https://www.gao.gov/assets/d2145.pdf.

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Medicaid Demonstrations: Approvals of Major Changes Need Increased Transparency. GAO-20-149. Washington, DC: GAO, 2020. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-149.

Urban Institute. Hill, Ian, and Emily Burroughs. Lessons from Launching Medicaid Work Requirements in Arkansas. October 3, 2019. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/lessons-launching-medicaid-work-requirements-arkansas.

Urban Institute. New Evidence Confirms Arkansas Medicaid Work Requirement Did Not Boost Employment. Urban Wire (blog). October 21, 2019. https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/new-evidence-confirms-arkansas-medicaid-work-requirement-did-not-boost-employment.

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