- Secretary of State correspondence, as reported in: Jackson, Angie. “Penalized for being poor: Michigan drivers could get break on license suspensions.” Detroit Free Press. August 1, 2020. https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/08/01/michigan-drivers-license-suspensions/4819150002/; “Impacted Population.” Free to Drive. Accessed July 2020. https://www.freetodrive.org/maps/#page-content.
- Craven, James. Driver’s License Suspension Reform: The Right Road for Michigan. Reason Foundation, 2018. https://reason.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/michigan-suspended-drivers-license-reform.pdf. Analyzed data reported in Best Practices Guide to Reducing Suspended Drivers. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, 2013. https://www.aamva.org/Suspended-and-Revoked-Drivers-Working-Group/.
- Michigan Legislature. House. HB 5846. Introduced June 11, 2020. http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2019-2020/billintroduced/House/pdf/2020-HIB-5846.pdf.
- Report and Recommendations. Michigan: Michigan Joint Task Force on Jail and Pretrial Incarceration, 2020. https://courts.michigan.gov/News-Events/Documents/final/Jails%20Task%20Force%20Final%20Report%20and%20Recommendations.pdf.
- State Court Administrative Office. “Recommended ranges for fines and costs for civil infractions: For first-time offenders, responsibility admitted, non-accident violations.” Table pursuant to Michigan Compiled Law § 257.907(8), 2019. https://courts.michigan.gov/Administration/SCAO/Resources/Documents/other/fc_ci.pdf.
- MCL § 257.321a(1).
- Michigan State Police. “Traffic Stop Data.” Michigan State Police: Transparency and Accountability, 2020. https://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,4643,7-123-1586_101168-534265–,00.html.
- Ibid.
- Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996); Chowning, Jade, Erin Keith and Geoffrey Leonard. Highway Robbery: How Metro Detroit Cops & Courts Steer Segregation and Drive Incarceration. Detroit: Detroit Justice Center, 2020. https://www.detroitjustice.org/highwayrobbery.
- As a result of the settlement in Fowler v. Johnson, starting in February 2021, traffic citations will explicitly state: “If you are not able to pay any fine or costs due to financial hardship, contact the court immediately to request a payment alternative.” This does not guarantee that an alternative will be provided; legislative change is necessary for additional reform.
- Salas, Mario and Angela Ciolfi. Driven by Dollars: A State-By-State Analysis of Driver’s License Suspension Laws for Failure to Pay Court Debt. Virginia: Legal Aid Justice Center, 2020. https://www.justice4all.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Driven-by-Dollars.pdf.
- MCL § 257.321a(5) and MCL § 257.320e(1).
- U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey. 2018 1-Year Estimates. Generated August 2020.
- Annie E. Casey Foundation. “Median family income among households with children by race and ethnicity in Michigan.” Kids Count Data Center. Accessed August 2020. https://datacenter.kidscount.org/.
- U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey. 2018 1-Year Estimates. Generated August 2020.
- Ruark, Peter. “Spotlight on Michigan.” Michigan League for Public Policy, 2020. https://mlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2020-michigan-pgs-1-and-2.pdf.
- Best Practices Guide to Reducing Suspended Drivers. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, 2013.
- Report and Recommendations. Michigan Joint Task Force on Jail and Pretrial Incarceration, 2020.
- MCL § 257.904.
- Pew Charitable Trusts. “Michigan Joint Task Force on Jail and Pretrial Incarceration Meeting #3.” PowerPoint, slide 41, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191015174003/https://courts.michigan.gov/News-Events/Documents/September%20Presentation%20Final_2019-9-19.pdf.