END NOTES

    1. Ife Floyd et al., TANF Policies Reflect Racist Legacy of Cash Assistance (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2021), https://www.cbpp.org/research/incomesecurity/tanf-policies-reflect-racist-legacy-of-cash-assistance.
    2. LaDonna Pavetti et al., Expanding Work Requirements Would Make It Harder for People to Meet Basic Needs (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2023), https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/expanding-work-requirements-would-make-it-harder-for-people-to-meet.
    3. Nicholas Hess, Earned Income Tax Credit Creates Boost in All Counties, (Michigan League for Public Policy, 2025), https://mlpp.org/eitc-gives-a-major-boost-to-michigan-families.
    4. The State of ALICE in Michigan: 2025 Update on Financial Hardship (United for ALICE, 2025), https://www.unitedforalice.org/Attachments/AllReports/state-of-alice-report-michigan-2025.pdf.
    5. Kalen Flynn et al., The American Guaranteed Income Studies: Oakland California, (Center for Guaranteed Income Research, University of Pennsylvania, 2025).
    6. Addo, Mina et al., Preliminary Analysis: SEED’s First Year, (Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration, 2021), https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6039d612b17d055cac14070f/t/6050294a1212aa40fdaf773a/1615866187890/SEED_Preliminary+Analysis-SEEDs+First+Year_Final+Report_Individual+Pages+.pdf.
    7. Matthew Berman and Random Reamey, How PFDs Reduce Poverty in Alaska, (Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, 2016), https://iseralaska.org/static/legacy_publication_links/2016_12-PFDandPoverty-Summary.pdf.
    8. “Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE),” United States Census Bureau, accessed January 25, 2026, https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/#/.
    9. The Magnolia Mother’s Trust: 2020 Evaluation Report, (Springboard to Opportunities, 2021), https://springboardto.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/STO_MMT-2nd-Cohort-2020-Evaluation-Summary-1.pdf.
    10. Stephanie Campos et al., 2023-2024 Evaluation and Case Study Report, (Springboard to Opportunities, 2025), https://springboardto.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/MMT-2023-2024-Eval-Case-Study-Report.pdf.
    11. Direct Cash for a Better Boston, (Camp Harbor View, 2024), https://campharborview.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/CHV-Guaranteed-Income-Report-2024.pdf.
    12. Mona Hanna and Luke Shaefer. Results from the Rx Kids Participant Survey & Maternal Wellbeing Research Study, (Pediatric Public Health Initiative at Michigan State University and Poverty Solutions at University of Michigan, 2024), https://rxkids.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/RxKids_Research_Brief.pdf.
    13. Hanna and Shaefer, Results from the Rx Kids Participant Survey & Maternal Wellbeing Research Study.
    14. Timothy J. Bartik et al., An Economic Impact Analysis of Rx Kids in Flint, Michigan, (W.E. Upjohn Institute, 2025), https://research.upjohn.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1320&context=reports.
    15. Kalee Burns et al., Expansions to Child Tax Credit Contributed to 46% Decline in Child Poverty Since 2020, (census.gov, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed January 25, 2026), https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/09/record-drop-in-child-poverty.html.
    16. EPI Data Library. “Supplemental Poverty – Supplemental Poverty Rate (CPS).” Accessed January 28, 2026. https://data.epi.org/poverty/poverty_spm/line/year/state26/percent_spm_1x_cps/poverty_age_group?timeStart=2018-01-01&timeEnd=2024-01-01&dateString=2021-01-01&highlightedLines=age_0_17&cartoDataKeys=overall&activeCartoData=overall.
    17. Supplemental Poverty – Supplemental Poverty Rate (CPS), EPI Data Library, n.d.
    18. Ryan Vinh et al., Assessing the Potential Impacts of Refundable State Child Tax Credit Designs on Child Poverty, (Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University, 2025), https://povertycenter.columbia.edu/sites/povertycenter.columbia.edu/files/content/Publications/Refundable-State-Child-Tax-Credit-Designs-Child-Poverty-CPSP-2025.pdf.